除此之外，随着现代社会多元化的发展，新的合同种类也不断出现，如特许经营合同、商业代理合同等等。这些新生的合同种类成为当今社会经济发展中不可避免的现象，也是社会不断进步的产物，客观上也就要求法律规则不断完善从而对这些新生现象进行调整和规范。欧盟民法典草案将这些新生的合同种类一并纳入到第四编有名合同当中，体现了草案旨在适应现代经济发展要求的一面。不仅如此，对于现代生活中频繁出现的交叉有名合同，如合同中既属于买卖合同，又有可认定为服务合同或者服务合同中包括了多种有名服务合同，草案也在第二编第1：108条对此类合同做出了具体的规定，应当按各自有名合同的规则将这些合同条款区分对待。这些细致的考虑都是为了应对现代经济生活中出现的新问题，以满足现代经济生活的需求，符合现代私法的发展。
2、多元价值观
欧盟民法典草案中明确表达了该草案在担负着“促进内部市场”和“保护文化语言多样性”责任的同时，[40]旨在追求正义（Justice）、自由（Freedom）、人权保护（Protection of Human Rights）、经济福利（Economic Welfare）、团结和社会责任（Solidarity and Social Responsibility）的目标。[41]其中的“人权保护”、“团结和社会责任”则是现代私法所追求的主要价值观之一。[42]草案将其列为该民法典所追求的核心目标，彰显欧盟民法典草案的时代性。
草案所指的“正义”主要是为了达到一个“合理”和“公平”的解决途径，其更多的指亚里士多德对正义理论划分中的“矫正正义”（corrective justice），而并非“交换正义”（distributive justice）。[43]其目的主要是适用于合同与非合同所引起的损害以及不当得利当中。而“自由”则与“古典契约法”中的“合同自由”（Freedom of contract）相辅相承。然而，该民法典草案中所提倡的“合同自由”较古典契约法而言更为狭窄，除需要受到传统意义上的公共政策、善良风俗等原则的制约外，由于欧盟各成员国间社会发展、文化等差异明显，而欧盟民法典中的“合同自由”还需要受到诸如“非歧视”原则的限制，包括性别、种族、宗教、地域等方面的非歧视。[44]而一直被大陆法所奉行为至高无上原则的“诚实信用”，旨在维护私法主体间的团结，提高私法主体的社会责任感。在此基础上，草案将这一普遍认同的原则更加提升到一个至上的高度，“无因管理编”则是对这一理念的深化。[45]“经济福利”毫无疑问也是该民法典草案所追求的主要价值观之一，统一民法典构建的基础就是为了促进“单一市场”的货物、人员、服务和资本的自由流通，通过市场的自由流通来提高国家和个人财富的不断增加。但是值得的一提的是，自由的市场也存在着“市场失灵”（Market failure）的缺陷，这就使得民法典草案不得不将对弱势群体的保护列为其主要内容之一，[46]而对弱势群体保护的加深则是为了促进社会的团结（Solidarity）。 “人权保护”正是如此，当今社会对人权，尤其是“人格权”（human dignity）的保护日益重视，草案要突出现代社会的价值观，就不得不符合社会对“人权保护”日益加深的趋势，将此原则作为草案追求的最主要价值观之一。
综上所述，欧盟民法典在继承欧盟“现有私法”和《欧盟合同法原则》的基础之上，对民法典的结构和内容都有突破性的发展，代表了现代欧盟私法的发展趋势，体现了当今社会经济和生活发展的需求，其目的旨在促进欧盟各成员国间多元价值观、多样性私法的融合，以减少私法多样性所带来对“单一市场”构建的阻碍。因此可以说，继承性、融合性、创新性和时代性成为这部民法典草案的特色。
【作者简介】
付俊伟，华盛顿大学法学院访问学者。
【注释】Reinhard Zimmermann, Roman Law and the Harmonisatin of Private Law in Europe, Arthur Hartkamp, Martijn Hesselink, Ewoud Hondius, Carla Joustra, Edgar du Perron, Muriel Veldman, Towards a European Civil Code, Kluwer Law International, 2004, pp. 21-42.
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继承法、
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